What is this dimension about?

The dimension universalism-particularism concerns the standards by which relationships are measured.

Universalist societies are based on rules: their members tend to feel that general rules and obligations are a strong source of moral reference. Universalists are inclined to follow the rules and look for "the one best way" of dealing equally and fairly with all cases (even when friends are involved). They assume that their standards are the right standards, and they attempt to change the attitudes of others to match theirs.

Particularist societies are predominantly based on relationships: particular circumstances that lead to exceptions are more important than rules. Bonds of particular relationships (family, friends) are stronger than any abstract rules, therefore the response to a situation may change according to the circumstances and the people involved. Particularists often argue that "it all depends".

20

Універсалізм

Партикуляризм

Potential traps

Remember that taking particularism to the extreme might lead to inconsistency and arbitrariness.

Different viewpoints

Particularists tend to see universalistic people as rigid and overly disciplined. Remember that these people might consider themselves consistent. In their eyes, you may appear to be undisciplined or even inclined to apply “situational ethics”.

What is this dimension about?

The dimension individualism versus communitarianism is about the conflict between an individual's desire and the interests of the group one belongs to. Do people primarily regard themselves as individuals or as part of a group?

In a predominantly individualistic culture, people are expected to make their own decisions and to only take care of themselves and their immediate family. Personal freedom and individual development are fundamental to get a higher quality of life. Decisions are often made on the spot, without consultation, and deadlocks may be resolved by voting.

In contrast to this, members of a predominantly communitarian society place the interest of the community before the individual, whose main responsibility is to serve the group. By doing so, individual needs will be taken care of naturally. The quality of life for the individual is seen as directly dependent on the degree to which he or she takes care of fellow members, even at the cost of individual freedom. People are are mainly oriented towards common goals and objectives. They are judged by the extent to which they serve the interest of the community, that provides help and protection in exchange for a strong sense of loyalty. Negotiation is often carried out by teams, who may withdraw in order to consult with reference groups. In the decision making process, discussion is used to reach consensus.

10

Індивідуалізм

Комунітаризм

Potential traps

Remember that taking communitarianism to the extreme might lead to a lack of personal initiative, ambition, and personal responsibility.

Different viewpoints

Communitarians tend to see people with an orientation on the individualistic side of the dimension as having a lack of commitment to common goals and objectives, or even as egoists who use teams to work for their personal goals. Remember that these self-oriented people might consider themselves to be individuals who take initiative and responsibility, and who are accountable.

What is this dimension about?

Generally, people from specifically oriented cultures begin by looking at each element of a situation. They concentrate on hard facts, analyze the elements separately, then put them back together again - viewing the whole is the sum of its parts.

People from diffusely oriented cultures see each element in the perspective of the complete picture. All elements are related to each other. The elements are synthesized into a whole which is more than simply the sum of its parts.

Цей вимір також стосується того, наскільки ми залучаємо інших у стосунки: чи ми залучаємо їх до конкретних сфер життя та окремих рівнів особистості, чи ми залучаємо їх до багатьох сфер нашого життя та кількох рівнів особистості одночасно?

Specifically oriented individuals are "low involvement": they engage others in specific areas of life, affecting single levels of personality. In such cultures, a manager separates the task relationship with a subordinate from the private sphere.

Diffusely oriented individuals are "high involvement": they engage others diffusely in multiple areas of life, displaying several levels of personality at the same time. In these cultures, every life space and every level of personality tends to be interwoven.

60

Специфічний

Дифузний

Potential traps

Remember that taking specificity to the extreme might lead to a lack of true personal involvement.

Different viewpoints

People with a specific orientation tend to initially see people with a more diffuse orientation as indirect, reserved, and evasive, and find it hard to make initial contact with them.Remember that these more diffuse people might consider themselves to be modest, initially reserved with new relationships, but in the end warm and much more personally involved in the business relationship.In their eyes, you may appear to be superficial and blunt, and your directness might make people with a diffuse orientation "lose face".

What is this dimension about?

Цей вимір фокусується на тому, наскільки люди виражають емоції, а також на взаємодії між розумом та емоціями у людських стосунках.

In affective cultures, emotions are spontanously displayed: moods and feelings aren't hidden or bottled up. On the contrary, the expression of emotions is acceptable or even required, as a sign of sincerity, attachment to what you are doing and a factor of trust.

In the so called neutral cultures, people are more reserved and don't openly display emotions as they are taught that it is incorrect to overtly show them. Not expressing emotions is seen as a positive sign of self-control and reason dominates one's interaction with others

50

Нейтральний

Афективний

Potential traps

Remember that taking neutrality to the extreme may lead to monotony when speaking and might be perceived as coldness, lack of spontaneity or low engagement, while taking an affective orientation to the extreme might easily lead others to feel insulted and enraged.

Different viewpoints

People with a neutral orientation tend to see people who are more emotionally expressive as unprofessional and untrustworthy because they do not seem to be in control of their emotions and are easily insulted. People with an affective orientation tend to see neutral people as cold, detached, disinterested, lacking spontaneity and engagement.

What is this dimension about?

The dimension achievement-ascription focuses on how personal status is assigned.

In "achievement-oriented" societies the status is a reflection of performance, of what an individual does and has accomplished. In short, "you are what you do."

On the other hand, in the so called "ascribed" cultures, status is a reflection of what you are and how the other individual within a group (community and/or organization) relate to you. Factors like age, class, gender, education, etcetera are fundamental in attributing status. In short, taking it to the extreme, in this type of culture "you are what you are from birth."

30

Досягнення

Припис

Potential traps

Remember that taking an ascription orientation to the extreme might lead to lack of delegation and to rigidity because the status quo is never challenged.

Different viewpoints

People with an orientation towards ascription tend to see people with an orientation on the achievement side as showing a lack of respect (e.g. for superiors who they dare to challenge or for elder people whose experience they ignore). Remember that these people might consider themselves to be more focused on performance as they highly value competence and achievement in people, regardless of their background. In their eyes, the formal status factors you value may appear to be irrelevant.

What is this dimension about?

Sequentialism and synchronism form the different approaches to structuring time. In business, how people structure time is important with how we plan, strategize and co-ordinate our activities with others.

People who structure time sequentially view time as a series of passing events. They tend to do one thing at a time, and prefer planning and keeping to plans once they have been made. Time commitments are taken seriously and staying on schedule is a must.

On the other hand, people structuring time synchronically view past, present, and future as being interrelated. They have a "multi-tasking" approach and usually do several things at once. For them, time is flexible and intangilble, therefore they are less concerned about what single-tasking cultures define as punctuality. Time commitments are desirable rather than absolute and plans are easily changed as more value is placed on the satisfactory completion of interaction with others.

0

Синхронно

Послідовний

What is this dimension about?

Цей вимір стосується того, як люди ставляться до довкілля та сприймають ступінь контролю над ним.

Internally controlled people have a mechanistic view of nature: it can be dominated once one has understood how it functions by developing suitable instruments for influencing it. This mechanicistic view of the environment favors a feeling of internal control: people seek to take control of their lives and see their own internal perspective as the starting point for determining the "right" action. In business this translates into a "technology push" attitude.

In contrast to this, cultures with an externally controlled (or organic) view of nature assume that human beings are controlled by nature and unpredictable external forces such as fate, chance and the power of others. For this reason, they tend to "go with the flow" and orient their actions towards others. In business, this attitude leads to a "market pull" approach, that implies focusing on and responding to the environment and the need of the customers.

5

Внутрішній

Зовнішні

Potential traps

Remember that taking an external control orientation to the extreme might lead to using fate as an excuse for not accomplishing results.

Different viewpoints

People with an external orientation tend to see inner-directed people as arrogant, aggressive, and dominating their environment. Remember that they might consider themselves to be working hard to control events and to create a better future. In their eyes, you may appear to be weak. They may feel that you do not take initiative and do not handle in your own interests.